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irubunuked
uluDwmcsoLWm
( uLotwa .b ) .eveSwkwSwr Wyik '' csoLWm
'' ctoa iawgInud Itwvuria uLotwaim Inwv ctwbcsin cnwnim ,uluDwmcsoLWm
"Udiaog " iaWLotwa "iawm " iaWa "eretUdcswf " Iaea .eveywb 3
Itwruduq Itoa iawfinemihiawguLotwa
.eveaev uDnwk cswruh egunimWLufikea iawgudem egcaeawbed emcnok
cniaim.eveLotwa
cnulUY Itwmuria iaWa
iaWa
cnuFurwa urutua Itoa eretUdcswf .
cnurEb ugnwLuh urwfWm Ikwtog ugid emcnea egiawbim .eveawgudemedWa
iaWa

unuked uSwvOv cnurEburutua urwf uDnwgWg Ikwtog WLuf
emcnea .evelEm 12 Ikwnim ugid .eveSwrEb Itwmuria ILwvuruh
iawg udem
Waeret Udcswf WLotwa .r .evelEm 1 ¼
iruh iawgWmid inwh emcnea .evelEm 5
¼ IruhiawgulwLuf .eveSwrEb
.everwfiSwk Itoa iawguLok ugwLuh emcnea egiawbim (uDnwk UdWv/uDnwk eretEd irubed)
.eveDnwk
Ibcswrom Itoa
.eveLwf uDob Itoa iawgInud Itwmuria .eveawfev irubirub cnukwkwtiLoa uDnwk Itoa
iSot iawm egInud urutua uLotwa
udemed
WTcaotwaiawm iaWaeretea Udcswf .vetencaeSwr iawguLotwa udem egiawbim .eveten
caeTcaotiawm iawgInud unuked
iaWa cnuBurwA urutua Itoa uLotwa iawm .evea (uDnwkinwh) uDnwkuSodEg WLuf ulEm
3/4 Itoa iawg
eguLotwa .eveawgudemed iaWa
iaWa
cnulUY Itwmuria iaWa
.eveSwrEb Itwmuria UdWviridwm cnurEb unuked egurwf uLonifuDob ctoa
iawguLwf UdWLut Ikwtogugid emcnea egiawbim
iawgEretEdim .eveSwrEb Itwmuria egurwfurEbWm cnurEburwf uDnwkinwh
IkwtogWLuf emcnea .evelEm26 Iruh iawgudemedim
.evelEm 5 ½ Iruh iawgWmidinwh emcnea eguLotwa .evelEm18 Iruh
cned .eveaudwmwk Itoa iawguLok
Itwmuria egInudim .eveten caeTcaot iawm iawgInud urudua eguLotwa
Ikwdemed egcaeSwred emcnok cniaea
.eveSwrcSwr egEretUdcswf Itoa iawgiawburutua egEyinudim cned .everwvWrigWDnwled
iaWa udUDnua unuLuacnuhIm cned .eveaudcnek
IkwSwrELua cnuhIm ctoa iawgudcawHwrwsea urWhim .evekeaiLoa uDnwk
cSwnuked cnegiSef cnUdwmwk .eveaiawfiverukulwdwb
(iSufwdEa) cSwTcaufwdEa Inwv iawg .m1968 cnuhIm egUdwnuf urukwh
egInudim .eveten caeTcSotiawm Wnwdurwh cseviawgInudim .eveNcnud Itwmuria
eguLotwa Ikwdemed WLwf IlobiawnuLwk csog
iawg .m1835 .evehoLWm Itoacned .eveaudcnwvwrwd
IkwSwriawm ctoa iawgInud Itwmuria .eveLwfUdWLut Itoa iawguLokugwLuh
cTWC eguLotwa .eveaudWtih IkwSwriawm ctoa
iawgInudunuked .eveTcSufwdEa Itoacned .evencnuhIm 100 Ibit iawguSwrim
wgwhWf cnwkwnig cnuhIm iawguSwrim cnutwbcsin
egunWmwzea uriaWvcnehim .evencnuhIm 250 IbitiawguSwrea uriaiheruk
iawgukwtuLwf egInudim .eveSwLwfurwfWm Inemin csog
cSwrutua inud ugwLuh eguLotwa cnegiSef cnuLwfUdWLut .eveaeveruk
iLoauDnwk iawgudemed egcaeLwfed emcnok .eveTcSotiawm
wdwgurwv Itoa iawgukwtuLwf egInudim .eveTcSotiawm wdwgurwv Itoa
wyib Wdcnib cSwrwTcSuf egInudim
ukeaWywvwdwg egumusUm ugwLuh .eveaudcnwkwd iaWTcSufcSwvihwa
ItoaiawgInudim .evekeae
wrig
csevcSwrcSwriruh .eveaevun caetog Edefua caeSwr iawgcaerwf csevcaea
egInudim egInudim cnubwbws eguLWr
cnumuvcnehea .eveawfivuLuh cSwawrWscaiv
iaWywvwdwg egumusUm ugwLuh Itoa csevuLwf UdWLut .eveaed cnumwvwDuk cnum
urwhwa wnwv .m1898 iaWrwhwa wnwv .m1896 .eveaerukurwswa egumwkea
cSwSwr cSwr iruh iawguLwfea iaWSwrea
cnEret uLwf uSwrea cnwkim .eveawyid cnegiawrig iawb 1/2 egUdWLut
iawgWrWscaiv wdwg unuhej cSwSwrea cnugwLuh
iawguSwr .evencnumeDov cSwCcawmuria cnuDwmuDwm idwa .evencnumwrig Inwd
UdWLut cnuhwfegEa .eveaevutibWs cSwLwgwr
caemwkctoa iawfihejcnwruk cnehemcnokcnuhIm uSwrea Ikwmudcaefuacnib
cnegiawkcaihuLwf cnumutencnib enWLwa urodeg
.eveaeked cnuhImiawbea cSwmwk
cniSufwdEa iaWa udcnwvwrwd ikeh egumwkim .eveaedcnumeDov cnumwrig caeSwr
iawhiruh iruh iawgInudWSwv eguLotwa
caeawb iruh iawgInudim .eveaenWncnef cnukwSwr iawhiruh iruh iawgInud
unuked idwa .eveaedcneginef csevinwkea
.eveaejcawgihiten cSwrcSwr
egumuvuDob .eveawrOf urwswa egumurigcSwr csevcSwkwSwr iawhiruh .evenUn
caeawnigWm cSwrcSwr iawguLotwa udem
cSwluawHWm egcaeSwrea Iaim .eveaegnea cnukwt uDwgunWa egulWmid iruh
iawfWrig cnwkWdcnumwvwDuk cSwr iawgulwdwb
.eveaenef cnulikirwDuk cSwywmwhiruf cSwrwv ulWsim .eveaerukcnIqwy cnwkcaekwtctog WvWmid
cnukwtulwdwb wncnwa
ubWsih ctoacSwLwf csogcnumeDov Wmidea evWmwj cSwrutua ugwLuh eguSwr ilev
wyidcnumwrig cnuLokItwmuria uSwrea
wyidcnumeDov cniruk cnumuvel caeDwgiSot WgcaeawrWscaiv iawguLwf ugwLuh
eguSwr cSokinwviawfcsogcSwbWsih Wditen
cSwbWsih WvWkcawrun cSwkwtctWrWmiA iruhiawgudcawHwrwsea csogcnumwrig
uLokurutuaugwLuh iTcauh cnuDovegiawb
UdWtih iawgumusUm ugWLuh .eveaeviawfevWmid csevcSwaUdcnwvwrwd iaWSwhoLWm
iaWSwTcaufwdEa ctogimwmwh .eveaeviawfcsog
.eveaedcswneg cnwkilevcnod urutia cSwDwgcswf eguSwr cnubwbws egIlevcnod
Wvurwa cSwtWrwf ugwLuh
cswruh egulEm 6
½
Itoaiawgudemed iaWLotwa iaWywbim .eveaUdiaog Ikwywbwnwv 3 Itwruduq
Enemih iawguLotwa .b
.eveCcawmwgnwa ugwLuh eguDnwk UdiSWk IkwDnwkim .evekeDnwk Wvwdwg
cSwmusUmed Iaim .evekeDnwk
72°.51' .00" E
cnulUt Itwmuria iaWa 4°.53' .07" N
iaWa 4°.48' .45" N
cnuFurwa urutua ItoauLotwa Udiaog
urutua egurwfea cnurEbunuked egurwf Udiaog Ikwtog ugid emcnea cnuLotwaim
.eveawgudemed Wa 73°.00' .30" E
iaWae
Itwmuria eguDnwkurod cnurEb ugnwLuh eguLonif iSufwncnia IkwtogWLuf emcnea
.evelEm 9 ¾Ikwnimugid
.eveSwrEb
cnunuked uria .eveSwr 4 Itoa iawguLotwa .evelEm 2 Iruh iawgWmidinwh
emcnea .evelEm 4 Iruhiawgudemedim .eveSwrEb
ctoaiawguLwf Itwmuria Udiaog iaWSwred ctoa iawgutWrwfed egILoauDnwkim .eveDnwkurod
ItoacSwmunwv cSwaeret uLotwa
.eveaedcnumeDov cniaWMid caeawb cnumwrig cSwDobcSwrwv csevcSwr 4 ctoa
iawguLotwa .eveaIawyid cnegiawrig cSwr
cnegevudwm csevcnukwtWrwf emcnok erukcnutWrwfed eguSwrea .eveSwaUdcnehef
InwviawfWrOf urwswaea cSwDob emcnea
egUdwLuf iaWaudcnehef iaWaUdwLuf .evetWg cnuvirubed cSwr
cnutogWdcnumwrig cSwrea .eveaejcawgih cnegevinua cTUf 70
.eveaeveRuk cTOn wgwhWf csevcnwkWd cnumwvwlit uLwf egudcawHwrwsea
cnumwrig cawtuLonifea idefua uLonif cnunuked
cnukwtuLWr iaWyoa egumusUmed iaWywvwdwg egumusUmed csevwmwn ctoa
caerwTcaufiawm Wnwdurwh cnegiawSwv eguLotwaim
Evedwv cSwLwfea iawgugwLuh urutua egUdiaog .eveaeviawfevWmid ctogWrof
itencaehwruh cSwaeret eguLotwa csrOf Edefua
cnWmwa idwa whEswfWm Ikwmunwv cSwLwf iawfevilobwlwh cSwrwv uLokurEb
egurenea iawgumusUm wdwg .eveaevoa caeren
cSwrwhwf inOd iduk cnItwmiSot ugwLuh eguLwf iawgumusUm iawvuria
cSokwBcaWK iawgumusUm uDwm .eveaevun cSwkwmwk
3 ea wmwn ejcaev cnuf cnwtcnwtea .eveaenWdivedwv csevcnuLoa wncnoa
cSwlWmid WaudwLuf idwa .eveaenWdiv edwv
.eveaenWvwhEswf cSwrwv cSwncnuhIm uSwr
InuLua Wdcawh iawgumwkirevuDnwd ImusUm .evekeLotwa iruk cnwkirevWr
iaWmwkirevuDnwd iawgunWmwzIruk IkwLotwa
Udcnek Inwruk urWhIm cSwLwgwr emcnea cnwkirevuDnwd cnuLotwa .everwTcaoa
wdwf wLwnod iaWtwbiduk iaWa ibcnib
irevcswm Ikwtwkcawswm uDnwgiawm eguLotwa .eveaeLua iawdcawh cawt ctwvWb
cnUnea iaWhurim iaWlEkctwf .evencnuhIm
.evekeLotwa iruk cnWrEf IkwLotwa iawgIruk .eveaudWtih iaWTcaufwdEa
iaWaUdWLut Ibit Wrwa iawgutwkcawswmim .evemwk
uLotwaim .eveaejcawgih iten ctwkcawswmea urWhim .eveawgISufwdEa iaWa
UDcaWm Iruk ctwkcawswmea cSwLwgwr emcnea
.eveaerukcsev ctwkcawswm egumuyiv WTws idwa .evekeSwr Wdcawfua itekwt
cnISolia iaWCcawfukur IkwaUdWhikw
WviawfWvcauyil iawg
1994 IfuYul cmIhWrubia udwmcawHum uJWtcsuaclwa Iaim
"urwvwnwv egIfwrcgOj egEjcaWr ihevid "
iawfWgwn cnia
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